EFFECTS OF WATER-BASED EXERCISE TRAINING ON PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS AND CUTANEOUS MICROVASCULAR REACTIVITY IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of water-based exercise training on physiological adaptations and cutaneous microvascular reactivity and to compare with land-based exercise training in type 2 diabetic patients. Fifty-three elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated to the one of four intervention groups: the water-based exercise (n=13) group received aqua-aerobic exercise; the water-based control (n=15) group received only water immersion; the land-based exercise (n=10) group received general aerobic exercise; and the land-based control (n=15) group received behavior change advice. Both training groups performed aerobic exercise protocol which consisted of 70% of maximum heart rate, 30 minutes/day, and 3 days/wk for 12 weeks. Physical fitness, biochemical variables and cutaneous microvascular reactivity were measured at baseline and week 12. Body weight, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure were significantly decreased of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hermoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (all P<0.05) in both exercise groups. Only the water-based exercise training group had significantly reduction (P<0.05) in insulin, HOMA-IR,C - creactive protein (CRP), and malondiadehyde (MDA). Moreover, CPP was significant difference between water - based and landed - based group. The greater in amplitude of peak flum during hyperemia (PORHpeak) was significant increased group. Time to peak and recovery time of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia were was significantly improved after 12 weeks in both group (P<0.05). The present finding demonstrated that the water- based exercise training effects in the elderly with type 2 diabetic patients by improving physical fitness, hemodynamic, glycemic control ,a and cutaneous microvascular reactivity. Interestingly, water- based training higher improves inflammation than land - based exercise training.